As obesity rates soar worldwide, the antidote may seem obvious: Eat less! Move more! But the common-sense approach hasn’t been terribly effective, prompting some scientists to question the simplicity of the formula.

Although personal decisions and self-control certainly play a large role in weight gain, a burgeoning area of research suggests that other factors, from air pollution to sleep deprivation, might be subtly helping humans pack on the pounds.

Obesity, it turns out, is a complex condition that involves multiple genes and pathways. Scientists are finding that certain exposures or conditions can change the body’s metabolism, disrupt the trillions of microbes working in the gut and alter hormonal levels in ways that affect a person’s weight.

Studies have identified nearly a dozen factors besides overeating and inactivity that can help make people fat, including chemicals in the environment. A recent study in the Journal of the American Medical Association found that children and teens with higher levels of the chemical bisphenol A in their urine were more likely to be overweight or obese than others. It’s next to impossible to avoid BPA, which is used to make shatterproof plastics and resins and is found in some food packaging, toys, cash register receipts and thousands of other products.

Current public health initiatives on obesity tend to aim at just two targets: Americans’ lack of physical activity and the marketing practices of the food industry. That “somewhat obsessive” focus has come at a cost, said David Allison, director of the Nutrition Obesity Research Center at the University of Alabama at Birmingham.

Lauren Brush, of Chicago, is one of many who have tried following the conventional advice with little success. Though she says she sticks to a strict 1,200-calorie diet and exercises regularly with a heart-rate monitor, the 24-year-old is still heavier than she’d like to be.

“I always thought of weight loss as a simple format — calories in and calories out,” said Brush, who is 5-foot-4 and weighs 160 pounds. “I’ve found that’s not the case whatsoever.”

Brush has been fighting to lose weight since childhood. In college, she worked with nutritionists on portion size and making smart food choices. She has been tested for food allergies and tried gluten- and dairy-free diets. She has counted calories and, when that didn’t work, ignored them. Doctors have ruled out thyroid issues and problems with her metabolism, she said. “It’s very frustrating to work your butt off and not get results.”

Here’s a closer look at three factors researchers say contribute to weight gain:

Air pollution: The air a pregnant woman breathes could predispose her child to obesity, according to an emerging field of research that looks at prenatal exposure to diesel exhaust.

In one of the first human studies, researchers found that pregnant women in New York City exposed to higher concentrations polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, or PAHs, were more than twice as likely than other women to have children who were obese by age 7.

“Not only was their body mass higher, but it was higher due to body fat rather than bone or lean muscle mass,” said Robin Whyatt, study co-author and deputy director of the Columbia Center for Children’s Environmental Health.

PAHs, a group of more than 100 chemicals, are byproducts of burning coal, oil, gas, tobacco and garbage. Most people are exposed through vehicle exhaust, smoke, soot and foods that are grilled, barbecued or smoked. Common indoor sources include cigarette smoke, candles and incense and home heating fuels.

Gut bacteria: The human digestive tract is a lush ecosystem containing micro-organisms that play a crucial role in digestion. But research shows that changing the mix of bacteria may lead to weight gain.

Antibiotics, which wipe out both harmful and helpful bacteria, are one of the most common ways to upset the balance.

Studies suggest that microbes in the intestines affect the way the body metabolizes food. Early exposure to antibiotics may kill off healthy bacteria that influence the absorption of nutrients and help keep people lean, said Dr. Leonardo Trasande, an associate professor in pediatrics, environmental medicine and health policy at the New York University School of Medicine.

Trasande’s team recently looked at more than 10,000 children and found that infants who had received antibiotics in their first six months were more likely to be overweight or obese as toddlers than other babies. The timing mattered; children given antibiotics between 6 months and 14 months of age didn’t show a similar effect, according to the research, published last month in the International Journal of Obesity.

Sleep deprivation: Sleeping less than six hours a night doesn’t just make people irritable. It can mess up the systems in the brain that regulate metabolism, said the University of Chicago’s Kristen Knutson, an assistant professor of medicine who recently reviewed published research on the topic in the American Journal of Human Biology.

Sleep deprivation can alter the levels of the hormones that control hunger. “For example, after a short sleep, ghrelin, which stimulates appetite, is higher, and leptin, which signals satiety or fullness, is lower,” Knutson said.

Sleep-restricted people also report greater levels of hunger, particularly for calorie-dense foods, Knutson said.

A lack of sleep may also decrease resting metabolic rates, or the number of calories burned while doing nothing, said sleep loss expert Dr. Orfeu Buxton, a neuroscientist at Brigham and Women’s Hospital in Boston.

Buxton’s latest research, published in April in the journal Science Translational Medicine, showed that getting less sleep — five or six hours a night — and having disrupted circadian rhythms also increased the glucose concentration in the blood after meals.